Stop Debugging IAM in Production

OpenID Connect (OIDC) login flow is the process by which users authenticate themselves using OpenID Connect, a protocol for authentication built on top of OAuth 2.0. In this guide, we’ll walk through building complete OIDC login flow URLs in ForgeRock Identity Cloud, including configuring an OAuth 2.0 client, setting up redirect URIs, and constructing the authorization request URL. What is OpenID Connect? OpenID Connect is an identity layer on top of the OAuth 2.0 protocol. It allows clients to verify the identity of the end-user based on the authentication performed by an authorization server, as well as to obtain basic profile information about the end-user in an interoperable and REST-like manner. ...

Why This Matters Now The advancement of Hill’s “Credential of Value” Bill through the First Committee of the Oklahoma House of Representatives signals a significant shift in how digital credentials are managed and valued. As cybersecurity threats continue to evolve, the need for standardized credential management practices has become more pressing. This bill, if enacted, could set a precedent for other states and even federal legislation, making it crucial for IAM engineers and developers to understand its implications. ...

The PKIX path building failed: sun.security.provider.certpath.SunCertPathBuilderException: unable to find valid certification path to requested target error is one of the most common issues when deploying ForgeRock Directory Services (DS) in production. It means the Java runtime cannot verify the TLS certificate chain — and until you fix it, LDAPS connections, replication, and AM-to-DS communication will all fail. Clone the companion repo: All diagnostic and fix scripts from this guide are available at IAMDevBox/forgerock-ds-cert-troubleshoot. Clone it, configure config.env, and run ./scripts/diagnose.sh ds.example.com 1636 for instant diagnosis. ...

Keycloak and Ory represent two fundamentally different philosophies in open-source identity. Keycloak is a batteries-included monolith — deploy one service, get everything. Ory is a modular microservices ecosystem — deploy only what you need, build your own UI. This comparison covers architecture, features, authorization, deployment, and when each approach wins. At a Glance Keycloak Ory Architecture Monolith (Java/Quarkus) Microservices (Go) License Apache 2.0 Apache 2.0 GitHub Stars ~25,000 (1 repo) ~39,000 (4 repos combined) Built-in UI Yes (admin + login pages) No (headless, API-first) SAML Support Yes (native) Enterprise only (Ory Polis) LDAP Federation Yes No Authorization UMA 2.0 + policies Zanzibar ReBAC (Keto) Multi-tenancy Realms (production-ready) Enterprise/Ory Network only Managed SaaS No official offering Yes (Ory Network) Min Resources ~512 MB RAM (JVM) ~128 MB RAM per service Architecture Keycloak: The Monolith Keycloak is a single Java application that handles everything: OIDC, SAML, user management, admin console, themes, session management, and authorization services. One deployment, one process, one configuration. ...

Running Keycloak in Docker for development is straightforward. Running it in production requires careful configuration of database pooling, reverse proxy headers, JVM tuning, health checks, and security hardening. This guide provides copy-paste Docker Compose configurations for Keycloak 26.x that are production-ready. Clone the companion repo: All configurations from this guide are available as a ready-to-run project at IAMDevBox/keycloak-docker-production. Clone it, copy .env.example to .env, set your passwords, and run docker compose up -d. ...

Keycloak and Authentik are the two most popular open-source identity platforms for self-hosted deployments. Keycloak brings enterprise maturity with 25,000+ GitHub stars and CNCF backing. Authentik brings modern developer experience with 20,000+ stars and rapid community growth. This comparison covers architecture, features, deployment, and when each is the right choice. At a Glance Keycloak Authentik Language Java (Quarkus) Python (Django) + Go outposts License Apache 2.0 MIT (core) + Enterprise License Database PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, MSSQL PostgreSQL only GitHub Stars ~25,000 ~20,200 First Release 2014 2020 (originally “Supervisr”, 2018) Backing Red Hat / IBM, CNCF Incubating Authentik Security (Open Core Ventures) Multi-tenancy Realms (production-ready) Brands (cosmetic) + Tenants (alpha) FAPI Certified Yes (1.0 Advanced, all 8 profiles) No Min Resources 2 CPU / 2 GB RAM 2 CPU / 2 GB RAM Latest Version 26.x 2025.12.4 Architecture Keycloak Keycloak runs on the Quarkus framework (Java). A single binary handles all protocol endpoints (OIDC, SAML, LDAP), admin console, and account console. It stores sessions and configuration in an embedded Infinispan cache with database persistence. ...

Keycloak is the established open-source IAM platform with 41,000+ GitHub stars and CNCF backing. Zitadel is the challenger — a Go-based, event-sourced platform growing rapidly at 13,000+ stars. This comparison covers architecture, features, operations, and when each is the better choice. At a Glance Keycloak Zitadel Language Java (Quarkus) Go License Apache 2.0 AGPL-3.0 (v3+) GitHub Stars 41,000+ 13,000+ CNCF Status Incubating Not a CNCF project First Release 2014 2019 Maintainer Red Hat CAOS AG (Switzerland) Architecture Stateful (Infinispan cache) Stateless (event-sourced) Database PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, MSSQL PostgreSQL only Cloud Offering Red Hat Build of Keycloak (subscription) Zitadel Cloud (free tier: 100 DAU) Architecture Keycloak Keycloak runs on Java/Quarkus with Infinispan for distributed session caching. A production deployment requires Keycloak nodes + an external database + Infinispan cluster configuration. Nodes are stateful — they hold session data in memory, requiring sticky sessions for optimal performance. ...

The redirect_uri mismatch is the second most common OAuth error after invalid_grant. Every OAuth provider requires that the redirect URI in your request exactly matches a pre-registered value — and “exactly” means character-for-character, including trailing slashes, ports, and protocol. This guide covers every cause and provider-specific fix. Quick Diagnostic: Which Provider Error Are You Seeing? Error Message Provider Jump To Invalid parameter: redirect_uri Keycloak Keycloak Callback URL mismatch Auth0 Auth0 redirect_uri must be a Login redirect URI in the client app settings Okta Okta AADSTS50011 Azure AD / Entra ID Azure AD Error 400: redirect_uri_mismatch Google Google The redirection URI provided does not match a pre-registered value ForgeRock AM ForgeRock redirect_mismatch AWS Cognito AWS Cognito Every Cause of redirect_uri Mismatch Before checking provider-specific fixes, work through this checklist. Most mismatches fall into one of these 10 categories: ...

Keycloak session errors are the most common source of unexpected logouts. Your application works perfectly in development, then users report being logged out randomly in production. The token refresh returns invalid_grant with a cryptic error_description like “Session not active” — and the Keycloak admin console shows no obvious misconfiguration. This guide explains every Keycloak session type, how their timeouts interact, and how to fix each session error. Quick Diagnostic: Which Error Are You Seeing? error_description Jump To Session not active SSO Session Expired Token is not active Refresh Token Expired Session doesn't have required client Cache Eviction Offline session not active Offline Session Expired Client session not active Client Session Expired authentication_expired in redirect URL Authentication Session Timeout All of these appear as invalid_grant in the OAuth error response: ...

Keycloak LDAP integration fails silently with generic error messages. The admin console shows “Connection refused” or “Test authentication failed” without revealing the actual cause. This guide catalogs every Keycloak LDAP error with exact log messages, Active Directory sub-codes, and fix commands. For initial LDAP setup instructions, see Keycloak User Federation with LDAP and Active Directory. Quick Diagnostic: Which Error Are You Seeing? Admin Console / Log Message Jump To Connection refused Connection Errors LDAP: error code 49 Bind / Authentication Errors SSLHandshakeException: PKIX path building failed TLS / SSL Errors Test Connection passes, Test Authentication fails TLS / SSL Errors PartialResultException: Referral Search and Sync Errors SizeLimitExceededException Search and Sync Errors Sync shows 0 imported, 0 updated Search and Sync Errors LDAP: error code 53 - WILL_NOT_PERFORM Password Change Errors Groups sync but clicking a group raises errors Group Mapper Errors Connection Errors Connection Refused javax.naming.CommunicationException: ldap.example.com:389 [Root exception is java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused] Causes (in order of likelihood): ...

Why This Matters Now: The recent Halcyon attack has compromised numerous OAuth2 client credentials, leading to the silent theft of long-lived access tokens. This became urgent because attackers can now bypass traditional detection methods, making it crucial for IAM engineers and developers to understand and mitigate this threat immediately. 🚨 Breaking: Halcyon attack vectors have been identified in multiple OAuth2 implementations, putting your systems at risk. Implement immediate security measures to prevent credential theft. 50+Organizations Affected 24hrsTime to Act Understanding Halcyon Halcyon is a novel attack strategy that targets OAuth2 client credentials, which are typically used for service-to-service authentication. Unlike traditional phishing attacks that target end-users, Halcyon exploits the trust placed in machine-to-machine communication protocols. By compromising client credentials, attackers can obtain long-lived access tokens without raising suspicion. ...

CORS errors are the most frustrating errors in OAuth development. The browser blocks your request, the error message is generic, and the actual cause could be any of 8+ different scenarios. This guide covers every CORS error you’ll encounter in OAuth 2.0 and OIDC flows, with exact browser error messages and provider-specific fixes. Quick Diagnostic: Which Error Are You Seeing? Browser Console Error Jump To No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header on /authorize Scenario 1: Calling /authorize via fetch No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header on /token Scenario 2: Token endpoint CORS AADSTS9002327: Cross-origin token redemption Scenario 3: Azure AD SPA registration CORS error only after session timeout Scenario 4: Keycloak error response bug wildcard '*' when credentials mode is 'include' Scenario 5: Wildcard with credentials Response to preflight request doesn't pass Scenario 6: Preflight failures CORS error on /revoke endpoint Scenario 7: Token revocation Everything works except in production Scenario 8: Proxy/CDN stripping headers Which OAuth Endpoints Support CORS? Before debugging, know which endpoints are designed to accept cross-origin requests: ...

The invalid_grant error is the most common and most confusing OAuth error. It appears during token exchange or refresh token requests, but the same error code covers 18+ different root causes. This guide catalogs every known cause with provider-specific error messages and exact debugging commands. Quick Diagnostic Checklist When you encounter invalid_grant, work through this list in order: Read the error_description — most providers include specific details Is the authorization code fresh? — Exchange immediately, never retry with the same code Does redirect_uri match exactly? — Check trailing slashes, protocol, port Is the PKCE code_verifier correct? — Verify the stored value matches the challenge Are client credentials correct? — Verify client_id and client_secret for the right environment Is the refresh token still valid? — Check idle timeout, absolute lifetime, rotation Has the user’s password changed? — Password resets invalidate tokens on most providers Is the server clock in sync? — Run ntpdate -q pool.ntp.org Check IdP logs — Keycloak events, Auth0 logs, Azure AD sign-in logs Is Google app in “Testing” mode? — Tokens expire after exactly 7 days All Causes of invalid_grant Authorization Code Issues Expired code — Authorization codes have short lifetimes: ...

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) defines how AI agents connect to external tools and data sources. When an MCP client (like Claude Desktop or a custom AI agent) needs to access a protected MCP server, it uses OAuth 2.1 — not OAuth 2.0 — as the authorization mechanism. This article explains exactly how MCP authentication works, what makes it different from traditional OAuth, and which identity providers actually support it. ...

Keycloak Realm Federation allows you to connect multiple identity sources within a single Keycloak realm, enabling unified authentication and authorization. This means you can manage users and their access across different directories and systems through a single interface, simplifying identity management and enhancing security. What is Keycloak Realm Federation? Keycloak Realm Federation lets you integrate various identity sources, such as LDAP, Active Directory, and social logins, into a single Keycloak realm. This integration enables seamless user authentication and authorization across different systems without duplicating user data. ...

Why This Matters Now The recent surge in credential stuffing attacks has become a pressing concern for IT and security teams. On December 10, 2024, DShield reported a significant incident involving a self-propagating SSH worm that leveraged stolen credentials to infiltrate and compromise systems worldwide. This became urgent because traditional security measures are often insufficient against such sophisticated attacks, leaving many organizations vulnerable. 🚨 Breaking: DShield reports a self-propagating SSH worm exploiting stolen credentials to breach systems globally. Implement robust security measures immediately. 10,000+Systems Compromised 48hrsTime to Spread Understanding the Attack The Role of DShield DShield is a distributed intrusion detection system that collects firewall logs from volunteers around the world. It analyzes these logs to identify and report on potential security threats, including credential stuffing attacks. The recent alert from DShield highlighted a particularly insidious threat: a self-propagating SSH worm. ...

Why This Matters Now The Nebraska State Council IAM Union has been making significant strides in advocating for better Information and Access Management (IAM) practices within the state. As midterm elections loom, their influence could shape future policies and standards, impacting both security and professional development for IAM engineers and developers. Understanding their initiatives and advocating for their cause can help ensure robust security measures are implemented. 🚨 Breaking: The Nebraska State Council IAM Union has announced a series of reforms aimed at enhancing cybersecurity protocols and professional standards. 500+Members 10+New Policies Recent Context This became urgent because the recent surge in cyber attacks targeting government and public sector organizations has highlighted the need for stronger IAM practices. The Nebraska State Council IAM Union has stepped up to address these challenges by proposing comprehensive reforms. ...

PingOne AIC is an identity-as-a-service platform that provides authentication and authorization capabilities for applications. It simplifies the process of managing user identities across various applications and services, ensuring secure and seamless access. What is PingOne AIC? PingOne AIC is an identity-as-a-service platform that provides authentication and authorization capabilities for applications. It allows organizations to manage user identities and access controls in a centralized and secure manner, supporting a wide range of authentication methods and integration options. ...

Why This Matters Now: The recent LinkedIn data breach compromised over 700 million user records, highlighting the urgent need for robust Identity and Access Management (IAM) strategies. As digital transformation accelerates, the complexity of managing identities and access has surged, leading to increased security risks. This became urgent because traditional IAM systems are often outdated and struggle to keep up with modern threats. 🚨 Breaking: LinkedIn data breach exposes 700 million user records. Strengthen your IAM practices now to prevent similar incidents. 700M+User Records Exposed 24hrsTo Act Understanding the Modern Identity Crisis The modern identity crisis stems from several factors: ...